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The ruling Kim family in North Korea (Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un) has often been described as a de facto absolute monarchy or “family dictatorship.” However, the country officially refers to itself as the “Democratic People`s Republic of Korea”. Liechtenstein has moved towards an expansion of the monarch`s power: the Prince of Liechtenstein was given expanded powers after a referendum to amend Liechtenstein`s constitution in 2003, prompting the BBC to call the prince “an absolute monarch again”. [20] The dictator Kim Jong-Il of North Korea was a charismatic leader of an absolute dictatorship. His supporters reacted with emotion to the death of their leader in 2011. (Photo courtesy of babeltrave / Flickr) A monarchy is a system of government in which there is a king or queen who has absolute power of government and decision-making in that particular country. The term monarchy is a word derived from the Greek word “monarkhia”, which means “alone”. In the case of a monarchy, the succession of kings is a succession, that is, only members of the royal family can succeed in becoming king or queen and ruling over the people. No other person outside this family could become monarch. Aristotle was the first to define three main types of systems of government in the fourth century BC. These consisted of monarchy, aristocracy and politics. Since then, many more have been formulated, but the main themes and ideas have remained.

Today, the five most common systems of government are democracy, republic, monarchy, communism and dictatorship. This list describes what you need to know about each of them. Queen Noor of Jordan is the widowed queen of this constitutional monarchy and has limited political authority. Queen Noor was born in America but renounced her citizenship when she married. She is a well-known global advocate of Arab-Western relations. (Photo courtesy of Skoll World Forum/Flickr) In ancient Egypt, Pharaoh exercised absolute power over the land and was regarded by his people as a living god. In ancient Mesopotamia, many rulers of Assyria, Babylonia, and Sumer were also absolute monarchs. In ancient and medieval India, the rulers of the Maratha, Maurya, Satavahana, Gupta, Chola, Mughal and Chalukya empires, as well as other large and small empires, were considered absolute. Therefore, a monarchy in all possible circumstances would be preferable to a dictatorship from the point of view of the citizens. Indeed, in a monarchy, there is always an opportunity to protect the rights of the people, since the monarch could be bound by the constitution even in the case of a constitutional monarchy.

However, this is certainly not possible in a dictatorship, as the dictator would always prefer one community to another. To solve all the problems that exist in these two systems, democracy could be an effective solution because it ensures the proper participation of people in the decision-making process. Therefore, there is no room for their rights to be violated, as it would then be up to the state to enforce citizens` rights. Therefore, a democracy or a republican system of government is better than these two systems, but when comparing dictatorship and monarchy, monarchy would still be favored because it is slightly better in terms of protecting civil liberties. Im 17. In the nineteenth century, the French legal theorist Jean Domat defended the concept of absolute monarchy in works such as “On Social Order and Absolute Monarchy,” citing absolute monarchy as the preservation of the natural order as God intended. [35] Other intellectual figures who supported absolute monarchy were Thomas Hobbes and Charles Maurras. Some dictators also possess the personal appeal that Max Weber identified with a charismatic leader. The subjects of such a dictator may believe that the leader has special abilities or authority and is willing to submit to his authority. The late North Korean dictator Kim Jong-Il and his successor Kim Jong-Un are examples of this kind of charismatic dictatorship.

An absolute ruler can be accepted because people believe or accept the idea that God has given him the right to rule. This belief is known as divine right, which has often been associated with a monarchy, a form of government in which the power of the king or queen is hereditary. A similar idea legitimized the Chinese emperor, whose reign was threatened when his subjects felt he had lost the “Mandate of Heaven.” Although this statement is highly controversial, Louis XIV de France (1638-1715) is said to have often proclaimed L`État, c`est moi!, “Je suis l`État!” Although he was often criticized for his extravagances, such as the Palace of Versailles, he long ruled the France, and some historians consider him a successful absolute monarch.[15] More recently, revisionist historians have questioned whether Ludwig`s reign should be considered “absolute” given the reality of the balance of power between the monarch and the nobility, as well as the parliaments. [16] [citation needed for verification] One theory is that he built the opulent Palace of Versailles and preferred only the nobles who lived nearby to gather the nobility in Paris and concentrate power as a centralized government. This policy also had the effect of separating the nobles from their feudal armies. Dictatorship and monarchy are forms of government that are generally considered against the democratic system of government. In the past, it was used by royal families only to meet their personal needs. Nevertheless, some monarchs certainly thought about the well-being of the people and the peace thanks to which the monarchy survived in countries like Bhutan.

The Fathers` Rights section of FindLaw contains the information you need to understand a father`s rights in relation to his children. In this section you will find detailed articles on fathers` rights, covering topics such as parental leave and the consequences of impaired parental leave, fathers` rights before birth and family planning decisions, and the right to information about one`s own child. You can also learn about the fathers` rights movement, family law reform proposals, and notable legal cases for fathers. Even if you are a single father or were absent when your child was born, you still have rights under Kentucky law. Fathers who were not married at the birth of their child must legally prove their paternity in order to access the father`s rights. Often, this simply means that both parents sign and submit an acknowledgement of paternity to the court, either at the time of the child`s birth or afterwards. In paternity cases, court proceedings, including DNA testing, end with a court order as to whether the man in question is the child`s biological father. Parental rights may be revoked in whole or in part. A partial deprivation of parental rights is likely to result in both parents retaining certain rights. Partial termination is often caused by situations of legal separation or divorce, as mentioned above. Helmer Somers Law helps individuals and businesses navigate the complex set of rules that accompany all legal situations.

We are licensed in Kentucky and Ohio and offer flexible and affordable payment terms for our services. We are happy to have the opportunity to earn your trust and become your advocate for life! It is a fact of life in the modern world. There comes a time for virtually every adult American when the services of a competent and dedicated lawyer are needed. Circumstances such as divorce, bankruptcy, estate planning or an income tax audit require that your rights be protected and that your long-term interests be represented with care and perseverance. If you call Helmer & Somers Law, you can be sure they will be. To learn more about unmarried fathers` custody and access to visitation, check out these resources on state paternity laws, as well as these resources on state custody and visitation. If the arrangements need to be changed, the court can change the child`s access or custody order, either after both parents have agreed to the change or after one parent has applied to the court for the change. Some states allow parents to agree on a change in access rules without court approval, but an updated amended court order facilitates the implementation of agreed agreements and is the best way to guarantee access rights for unmarried fathers. In the event of a family dispute, your lawyer can represent you in court and provide you with legal support that protects your best interests and those of your child. If you are in a situation of legal separation or divorce, your lawyer can help you reach an agreement that best meets the needs of all parties involved.

The non-biological parent of a child is a parent who is not biologically related to the child. This parent can still obtain legal parental status by legally adopting the child. Adoption allows a non-biological parent to have full legal and physical custody of the child. Given the high rate of divorced or unmarried parents, many parents have begun to examine fathers` rights to child-rearing and family planning. Paternal rights may include the father`s right to parental leave with his children, the right to be consulted prior to adoption, and the right to be released from work to bring up his child. There are several possible outcomes for the parent whose rights are partially removed. For example, a court may allow the parent to have custody of the child, but deprive the parent of the right to make important decisions for the child, such as medical treatment. If a parent`s parental rights have been revoked, it means that they are no longer considered the child`s legal parent. This means that they must lose all legal rights, privileges and parental responsibilities they had over the child. In other words, that parent loses all parental rights and must not have access, custody or the right to make medical or educational decisions about the child. Created by FindLaw`s team of writers and legal writers| Last updated: 11. September 2018 Custody is the right of biological parents to be involved in important legal decisions about the child`s upbringing, the school they attend, the religious preference or church (if any) the child will attend, and the health care the child will receive.

Custody, including legal and physical custody, can be single, joint or shared. The courts generally award joint custody, unless it is not in the best interests of the child. It may be an incapable, imprisoned, abusive or neglected parent. Joint custody means that both parents have the same right to be involved in important decisions that affect the child, from birth until the child is old enough to make their own decisions, usually before the age of 18 in most states. The visitation rights of single fathers often depend on their relationship with the child, their history of abuse, drug and alcohol use and other similar factors. Custody is divided into physical custody and legal custody. Physical custody is where the child lives. Under family law, parental rights are the rights of parents to make important decisions and act on behalf of their child(ren).

It is assumed that these rights automatically apply to biological parents. These rights also apply: There are several ways for a person to obtain parental rights. Adoption is one way to achieve this. Adoption requires court approval and allows an adult to become the legal parent of a child who is not their biological child. In addition to these rights, the custodial parent (the party to whom custody of the child has been transferred) has various responsibilities, including: If paternity is questioned and the mother does not allow the father to visit the newborn, the man must file a paternity test with the family court of the jurisdiction where the mother and child live. The court grants parental rights if a DNA test proves paternity. If one parent transfers custody of a child to the other parent, it does not necessarily mean that the parent transferring custody loses all rights. This parent may retain some parental rights, especially if physical custody is shared between both parents. This is a common custody arrangement in situations where parents are divorced.

If the parties cannot agree on a parenting agreement, either parent can ask the court to care for the child or help with custody. Parents who can agree to a parenting plan can file it with a court and ask the judge to approve it and include it in a court order on access and/or custody. If the agreement is part of a court order, each parent can directly assert their parental rights. In addition to child custody, a non-biological parent may have the same rights as a biological parent as long as they are legally recognized as the child`s parent.

Tennessee does not specify a deadline for filing the estate after a person`s death. There is no penalty for sticking to a will, which means they can come forward at any time. However, most estates are filed quickly if the heirs are willing to settle the process. Yes, estate is a requirement for Tennessee estates. This is the method of distributing property to heirs and ensuring that the will is followed. In some cases, it is possible to avoid succession, especially if you use estate planning. Tennessee is a state exempt from inheritance tax. However, there are additional tax returns that heirs and survivors must resolve for deceased family members. Some examples of tax returns include final federal and state tax returns, federal estate tax returns filed before June 15. April of the year following the person`s death and federal inheritance tax returns due nine months after the person`s death.

As mentioned earlier, Tennessee law determines who recovers when a person dies without a will. These laws determine the legal heirs and the percentage of the estate that each person receives. Obviously, a person`s spouse and children have the first priority. If a person dies without children, the spouse receives the entire estate. If the person left a spouse and children, the surviving spouse receives either one-third of the entire estate or a child`s share of the estate, whichever is greater. In other words, the least a surviving spouse with children can recover is one-third. If the deceased left only one child, the surviving spouse and the child would be entitled to equal shares of the estate. For people who do not have children, several family members are assigned to the person as heirs to the estate. The executor is the person responsible for repaying the debts of the estate, bearing the final expenses and handing over the inheritances to the heirs. For deceased people who die, the will specifies who that person is.

However, if there is no valid will, the probate process comes into play to select an executor on behalf of the deceased. A majority of Americans have no will to determine where their wealth should go or who should manage their affairs if they die. While there are a number of benefits to having a will, dying without a will is not uncommon. When a person dies without a will, the legal term is called “intestate” dying. As a result, the state of Tennessee enacted gut laws to determine where a person`s assets should be used after they die without a will. These laws instruct the probate court to supervise the distribution of the estate to legal heirs. If you have questions about a loved one who dies without a will, contact the estate attorneys at Higgins in Nashville. The state of Tennessee recognizes “half-blood” parents as pureblood relatives.

For this reason, a half-brother or half-sister is entitled to the same inheritance rights as pure-blooded siblings. If one of the heirs is in an undocumented estate but lives in the United States, Tennessee will not prohibit them from inheriting the status. This also applies to legal residents who have not yet acquired citizenship. The estate is distributed to the heirs and the estate is completed. Distribution begins with closer relationships and moves outwards, depending on whether or not there are living heirs. If the person died without a spouse, children are the first priority, with each child receiving an equal share. If the person died without children or a spouse, their parents would recover equally. If the person had no surviving relatives, the estate is divided between the deceased`s siblings. From there, it is divided among the grandparents of the deceased if there are no other living heirs. The executor notifies the heirs and publishes the notice of succession for the creditors. If one of the heirs in your estate is an illegal resident of the United States, Tennessee will not prevent them from remaining heirs. This also applies to legal residents who have not yet acquired citizenship.

When a person dies, their property must be distributed and ownership transferred to the new heirs. Debts must be settled and the estate closed. All of this must happen while you are still grieving the loss of your loved one. When a person dies in the state of Tennessee, their will dictates who receives their assets by probation, administered by the executor they named in estate planning. If they have not left a will, the state decides who receives their real or personal property through the law of legal succession. The administrator is responsible for controlling the property of a deceased person who did not leave a will. Both the executor and administrator are personal representatives of an estate; They collect the deceased`s property, pay their debts and taxes, and transfer their property to the beneficiaries or heirs. Most areas will shrink in Tennessee. With few exceptions, estates require an estate to distribute assets. However, there are variations of the estate that you may need to be aware of. Since these accounts and ownership agreements must designate some sort of beneficiary, they automatically fall under that person`s control upon your death. For those who prefer their will or legal succession to make the inheritance decision, it is sufficient to indicate the beneficiary as the estate.

In addition, the purpose of the succession is only to ensure that the wishes of the deceased are carried out either in accordance with his will or with his legal succession. In both cases, the courts will carefully consider each property and each possible heir and make a final decision that the executor must execute. (2) In the case of surviving descendants of the deceased, either one third (1/3) or a share of the child of the total legal patrimony, whichever is higher. Just like posthumous children, all other parents conceived before your death who may be part of your legal patrimony still have the opportunity to do so, even if they were born after your death. (1) If there is no succession received by the deceased, all of the legal property; or The only way for a grandchild to receive part of your legal estate is if your child (his parents) has already died. Unlike this situation, the property would pass to your child. The property of a deceased person is automatically transferred to their loved ones if they die without a valid will. The division depends on the marital status of the deceased and whether he or she had children. In Tennessee, the statutory inheritance laws are as follows: If a person has biological or legally adopted children and is not married at the time of death, the children are entitled to full inheritance of the estate.

However, if the parent was married at the time of death, the spouse and children must divide the estate equally. However, if there are more than two children, this rule does not apply. Instead, the spouse is entitled to at least one-third of the estate. Under these circumstances, the inheritance will diminish considerably. That`s why today we want to look at the different types of estate and beneficiary laws so you can be prepared when you create your own estate plan, and know what to expect when named in someone else`s will. The executor or administrator then opens a current account for the estate, places the deceased`s money in the account and pays the cost of the estate. They must first obtain a tax identification number from the IRS before opening the account. You can also sell some of the assets to pay off your debts.

In the world of contracts, consideration refers to the value agreed by the parties, whether it is an act, an object or an exchange of services. The counterpart does not need to have a monetary component to be valid, and can be money, goods or services. You may also communicate acceptance in the following ways: If the contract involves a sale of goods (i.e. personal property) between merchants, the acceptance does not have to reflect the terms of the offer for a valid contract to exist, unless: A valid and enforceable contract must have contractual consideration. One provider offers to store UTSA backup data for $1000 per month, and UTSA agrees. Due to the ambiguity of the Terms of Use, this Agreement cannot be considered a binding contract. Among other things, the agreement does not include a storage location, a description of the storage structure, information about storage security, and no details on how the data will be transported to storage. In addition, the agreement does not specify how long the data will be stored. Since the subject matter of this offer is subject to numerous interpretations, the agreement may be considered ambiguous and unenforceable. There are also considerations when you sign a contract to make sure you don`t repaint your home in a color other than blue, and the other party pays you $700 a year to keep your promise. By promising not to do something you could do otherwise, you have succeeded in the consideration. The other part is the consideration of $700 per year.

The existence of consideration distinguishes a contract from a gift. A gift is a voluntary and free transfer of property from one person to another without promising anything of value in return. Failure to keep a promise to make a gift is not enforceable as a breach of contract because there is no consideration for the promise. 3. Acceptance – The offer has been clearly accepted. Acceptance can be expressed by word, deed or execution as required by the contract. In general, acceptance should reflect the terms of the offer. If this is not the case, the acceptance is considered a rejection and a counter-offer. Finally, a modern problem that has worsened in contract law is the increasing use of a special type of contract known as “adhesion contracts” or formal contracts. This type of contract may be beneficial for some parties because in one case, the strong party may impose the terms of the contract on a weaker party.

Examples include mortgage contracts, leases, online purchase or registration contracts, etc. In some cases, courts view these accession agreements with particular scrutiny because of the possibility of unequal bargaining power, unfairness and lack of scruples. If the agreement does not meet the legal requirements to be considered a valid contract, the “contractual agreement” will not be enforced by law and the breaching party will not have to indemnify the non-breaching party. In other words, the plaintiff (non-infringing party) in a contractual dispute suing the infringing party can only receive expected damages if he can prove that the alleged contractual agreement actually existed and was a valid and enforceable contract. In this case, anticipated damages will be rewarded, which attempts to make the non-infringing party complete by awarding the amount of money the party would have earned in the absence of breach of contract, plus any reasonably foreseeable indirect damages incurred as a result of the breach. However, it is important to note that there are no punitive damages for contractual remedies and that the non-breaching party cannot be awarded more than expected (monetary value of the contract if it has been performed in full). To learn more about creating and executing effective contracts, read our guides, webinars and more, or request a demo. Watch our sandbox demo to learn how to deploy, configure, and try a contract template, workflow.

With Ironclad, you`re on your way to improving contract systems and having more confidence in all your business agreements. 1. Offer – One of the parties has promised to take or refrain from taking certain actions in the future. 2. Consideration – Something of value was promised in exchange for the declared action or non-action. This can take the form of a large amount of money or effort, a promise to provide a service, an agreement not to do something, or trust in the promise. Consideration is the value that leads the parties to enter into the contract. Most of the principles of the common law of contracts are described in the Restatement of the Law Second, Contracts published by the American Law Institute. The Uniform Commercial Code, whose original articles have been adopted in almost all states, is a body of law that regulates important categories of contracts. The main articles dealing with contract law are Article 1 (General Provisions) and Article 2 (Sale). The sections of article 9 (Secured Transactions) govern contracts that transfer payment rights into interest coverage agreements. Contracts related to specific activities or industries may be heavily regulated by state and/or federal laws.

See the law on other topics related to specific activities or industries. In 1988, the United States acceded to the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, which now governs contracts within its scope. Although currency exchange is usually included, the counterparty does not necessarily have to contain money. For example, a sportswear company may provide basketball shoes to the athletics department in exchange for exclusive advertising rights to its logo on sports uniforms. Although no money has changed hands, this type of arrangement would provide legitimate consideration for both parties. However, past considerations or giving or giving something that precedes the other party`s promise are not valid. For example, a contract is unenforceable if you promise to give $500 to another party in exchange for an action the other party did a year ago. The only exception is if there is an obligation to a third party. The offer is the key element that defines the relevant topics in the contract. To be legally valid, the offer must be effectively communicated so that the receiving party has the opportunity to accept or reject the offer.

Whether or not the receiving party reads the contract does not affect the clarity of the offer. The offer can only give the recipient a clear opportunity to accept or reject the contract. Someone who signs a contract without reading it does so at their own risk. Now that you know when a contract is binding and what a binding contract is, consider using contract automation software and digital contracting tools to ensure that every contract is enforceable. A legally binding contract requires the following: * A contract with a minor is not legally enforceable. Because of his age and alleged lack of experience, the law considers a minor to be incapable. To be considered a binding contract, the parties must exchange something of value. For example, if a buyer orders a lawn service, the buyer receives a lawn mowing service and the seller receives money.

Enforceability is not built into all contracts, even those that are standardized and written in complex legal language. Even if all clauses and provisions have been listed and agreed, a written contract cannot be enforceable in court. Much of a company`s profit potential is determined by contracts. As a result, many companies invest a lot of time and money in their contracting processes to ensure that each contract is complete, clear, and most importantly, enforceable. Contracts are mainly governed by state law and general (judicial) law and private law (i.e. private agreement). Private law essentially includes the terms of the agreement between the parties exchanging promises. This private law may prevail over many of the rules otherwise established by state law. Statutory laws, such as fraud law, may require certain types of contracts to be recorded in writing and executed with certain formalities for the contract to be enforceable.

Microsoft offers many headers and footers competently designed with Word, but you can create your own. Finally, Microsoft`s building blocks may not be to your liking, or you may need to follow company policies for your documents. It is not difficult to create your own headers in Word. To create a custom footer with a company name on the left and page numbers on the right: Word measures the margins from the edge of the page to the edge of the body. All headers and footers you add (Section 4.4.1) appear in the margins. Use hyphenation with justification. Justified, which is aligned with the left and right margins, gives documents a formal and orderly look, but not when there are large gaps between letters and words. Avoid these gaps by letting Word separate your block text. You can use Word`s convenient Set as Default feature to save any formatting changes you make and automatically apply them to new documents.

For more information, see our article Change default settings in Word. To select one of the preset margins, go to Page Layout → Layout → Margins, and then click one of the options. You can also use ALT+P, M, and then use the up and down arrow keys to highlight one of the margins. Press Enter to use the highlighted margin. You can also add automatically updated text by inserting a field, which allows Word to create these ever-changing dates and page numbers. Word also has fields for many other things. However, you cannot create (or edit) a field by typing it directly into your document. You must use the Field dialog box. It may occur to you that it may be easier to simply insert a text box or shape into the header and footer instead of using trial and error to determine the required before/after spacing. This can be adjusted to the exact dimensions and placed in a precise location, so it could indeed be easier. But it adds to the complexity of the document, which puts more pressure on Word than plain paragraph text.

Once you have arrived at the trial and error before/after spacing solution, you can save the header/footer as a style or auto-insert. You can edit the building blocks after you add them to your document by entering your own text, which you then do. ▸ Change margins in a single document. If you want to change the margins and not just adjust the indentation of a paragraph, you need to create a section break that changes the margins. Margins are more than just empty space. The right margins make your document more readable. The generous margins make the text attractive and give reviewers room for notes and comments. Narrower margins allow you to pinch more words on the page.

However, if you have too many words per line, your document will be difficult to read. With very long lines, it is a challenge for readers to trace from the end of one line to the beginning of the next. For complex documents such as books or magazines with opposite pages, margins become even more important. Word`s margins and layout tools let you tackle a range of projects. By default, the page size of a new document is 8.5 inches x 11 inches. Depending on your project, you may need to adjust the page size of your document. Note that before changing the default page size, you should check the page sizes that your printer may hold. ▸ Narrow margins work well with multi-column documents, giving you a little more space for each column. ▸ Mirror borders are ideal for documents with opposite pages, such as bound reports or newsletters.

This setting makes the outer and inner edges identical. The outer margins are the left margin to the left and the right margin to the right. The inner edges are located between the two opposite sides. Documents with opposite pages can also have a strip, which is a part of the page that is hidden when the document is linked. In headers and footers, Word places the information that appears at the top or bottom of each page of most multi-page documents (Figure 4-8). They remind you of the page number, chapter title, etc. as you read. For memos and business reports, headers are a great place to repeat the topic and publication date of the document. (If you`re the author of the report and want your boss to know, consider adding your name under the title.) Most word processors use one-inch margins by default. On standard 8.5-inch × 11-inch paper, this results in a line length of 6.5 inches. This was good for the monospace fonts of the typewriter era, which used a lot of horizontal space. But they are too small for proportional fonts.

If the table doesn`t need to be edited, it`s easier to copy and paste it as an image, which you can then rotate like any other image. (However, you may find that tables don`t convert well to images. It may be possible to get a good screenshot that works better.) This is a document setting that affects all sections, so in each section you have an odd header/footer and an even header/footer that you can format separately and paste different content (in books, for example, it is common to put the title of the book in one header and the name of the author or the title of the chapter in the other). The following screenshot shows an example of using even and odd headers. Use hyphenation for documents with shorter lines. A document that uses two or three columns on the page should be separated to avoid large gaps in the text. The next thing you need to do is provide different headers and footers on odd and even pages. Because you`re creating a two-sided document, you may have already done so.

If not, double-click the contextual header and footer tools in the Options group| Design and click on different odd and even pages. If you enable mirror borders with the Top Tray setting, it becomes links, making it unusable for duplex documents. The Top setting is of limited use. Use it when creating a document (portrait or landscape) that is bound at the top or placed on a clipboard, but printed on a single page. The vast majority of documents spit out from our collective printers are printed on a single page of the page. If they are attached, it is probably with a staple or paper clip in the upper left corner. Such documents do not need fancy margins or page settings. However, if you are preparing a brochure, company report or newsletter, you need more sophisticated tools. When you make a selection from the Multiple Pages menu, some of the other options in the Margins area also change. For example, if you select Inverted margins, the above labels for the right and left margins change to Inside and Outside.

If you cannot find the paper size you want on the Size menu, you must adjust the paper size, which you do on the Paper tab of the Page Setup dialog box. Here are the steps: Another approach completely avoids using a landscape section. If you can have landscape content on a portrait page, there is no problem with mirror borders or placement of header and footer content. This is more convenient when the content of the page does not need to be changed. For example, if you have a large photo that fills most of the page, you can insert it in portrait orientation and rotate it in landscape mode. If you need a caption, it can be inserted into a rotated text box. These objects wrap (not in a line of text), so they must be anchored to an empty paragraph on the page. During your ETD, all text should start at the top of the page. It is common for students to struggle to maintain this consistency, often due to difficulties with Microsoft Word. The following instructions should help you specify the appropriate settings in Microsoft Word and provide helpful tips for maintaining consistency throughout the document.

Any Word document more complex than a letter probably needs to be linked in some way, whether it`s a report linked to a report folder or a bound book. Some forms of attachment do not require special treatment; With comb binding and spiral binding, for example, the whole side remains free.

Unlike lawyers, they receive a regular monthly salary – the risk is lower, which is why perhaps 75% of CILEx members are women. Typically, training for the role involves obtaining the CILEx Level 3 Certificate, CILEx Level 3 Diploma and CILEx Level 6 Diploma. The highest salaries can be found in areas of business-related law that are well known nationally and internationally, such as commercial law, company law and EU law. Even for many with deep pockets, a hot lawyer career appeals because it promises a lifestyle of glamour, wealth, and prestige. Is it a mistake to assume? No! According to reputable statistics, lawyers are the professionals who earn the most money every year. There are many areas of law and many types of employers. Some pay well, others less. By contrast, the average salary for London defence lawyers is £52,500. That`s just below London`s average total salary, which is £53,700 for all positions. At the other end of the scale, more personal areas of law are less likely to receive higher salaries, as are lawyers working on more local cases at larger law firms. Personal injury and family law lawyers are two types of law that fall into this group. Whichever specialization you choose, legal staff enjoy some of the highest salaries in the country, with many companies offering generous bonuses and raises, as well as benefits like health insurance, gym memberships, and travel expense allowances.

In addition to your geographic location, the jurisdiction you want to specialize in can have a big impact on your income. Research from management consultancy Hudson reveals the legal sectors in the UK where you can earn the most. Below are the average salary ranges for lawyers with 1 year of PQE (Post-Qualified Experience). Lawyers are probably the first port of call for anyone in need of legal advice in the UK. As qualified lawyers, they advise and represent clients in various areas of activity. Although we cannot argue with salary, commercial and corporate lawyers often complain about the stress and long hours that come with work, which is due to the nature of their work. However, it is the US-based companies (usually London) that pay the most impressive salaries. For example, Kirkland & Ellis and White & Case pay £50,000 to trainee lawyers in the first year. These figures rise to £55,000 in the second year. Elite lawyers who are part of the most prestigious chambers can earn more than £1,000,000 a year. In contrast, some London defence lawyers only attract legal aid and can earn as little as £20,000 a year.

While law is generally considered a very lucrative career path, the amount that lawyers, lawyers, and others can expect depends on a number of factors, including location, specialization, and level of experience. While those working in London tend to earn more than their regional counterparts, the practice also has a huge impact on earning potential, as in-house lawyers receive much higher salaries than those who specialise in criminal law. As you can see, lawyers` salaries vary widely and depend on a number of factors, including the location of the firm, the type of firm, and the area of law in which they specialize. While Linklaters, Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer, Clifford Chance, Allen & Overy and Hogan Lovells continue to have the highest personnel costs per fee, most of the five largest companies did not increase spending in the 12 months to April 2020, according to Smith & Williamson research. Lawyers working outside London earn an average of around £54,000 a year. Since many lawyers are self-employed, there is no central report on wages and it is therefore more difficult to estimate the accuracy of these figures. Nevertheless, most lawyers working outside London handle smaller cases and lower-value claims – so it makes sense that they earn less on average than their London counterparts. As a newly qualified lawyer in Scotland, you can expect to receive around £30,000, up to £38,000 depending on your area of private practice or if you work in-house. This can increase to around £45,000 after three years of experience.

The interim locum lawyer platform regularly receives requests from small businesses that need the help of a lawyer for a particular project, usually related to the need for a lawyer to review contracts or handle a case for them in court. If these particular businesses go through a law firm, the hourly rate they will pay would probably be about the same rate we charged by our lawyer in Chester, which is at least £250 an hour. We believe that the most expensive area of law is corporate finance and banking, followed by taxation. What for? They are complex and require a high level of expertise. Also because these are probably the most boring areas of law and it takes a lot to get people to go into the areas and stay there, simply because of the boredom of dealing with such uninspiring areas of law. I once offered career coaching to a £330,000 a year corporate finance lawyer who was bored and wanted to move into the property transfer on the main street. He quickly changed his mind about the reality of receiving £40,000 a year. The highest-paid lawyers work for City and Magic Circle. The term “Magic Circle” refers to the five largest UK-based law firms, all of which are headquartered in London and are primarily active in corporate law.

Wisconsin specifically names chipmunks, ground squirrels, mice, moles, opossums, porcupines, rats, voles, ground squirrels, red squirrels, and weasels as legal to possess without a license. This condition restricts potentially dangerous animals. Bears, big cats, wolves and primates are included in the list of illegal animals to own in this state. If you had a primate under 35 pounds due before October 1, 2010, you can retain ownership of that animal. Potential owners of “dangerous wildlife” (including bears, big cats and great apes) must obtain a registration certificate for that animal issued by an animal registration authority (Texas Health and Safety Code 822.101). Many other rules apply. However, there are many animals in Texas that are completely legal, and these include capybaras, lemurs, gins, and small wild felidae. While exotic animal circles consider New York a “prohibition state,” many non-native animals such as wallabies, kinkajous, and sloths are likely legal because they are not part of the forbidden families: Ursidae (bear), Felidae (wildcats), Canidae (wild canids), and primates. Fennec foxes are the only undomesticated member of canids because the owners of tiny foxes lobbied for them and led them to make legislators when drafting the bill. This proves that common sense can seep into the brains of elected officials when they look at the harmless animal in the flesh. If you want to own any of the animals on that state`s dangerous wildlife list, you must register it with the county where the animal lives. This list includes lions, tigers, ocelots, wolves, primates and venomous reptiles.

You do not need a permit for chinchillas, yaks, servals or camels. However, applicants may consider becoming wildlife rehabilitators themselves or volunteering with a local organization. It`s a way to care for wild animals without the costs and stress associated with owning an exotic animal. Most importantly, it can prevent the suffering that possums so often experience in the care of inexperienced owners. After an unstable man (not Federer, the man mentioned below) released several exotic animals, Ohio went from being an extremely forgiving exotic animal to a much more restrictive state. Federer, a man who owned a bobcat, argued that his bobcatsnake was literally Federer`s house coat against the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Division. A loophole currently exempts bobcats from banning other species of felids, and lemurs are still legal in primates. Pennsylvania does not list exotic animals that are legal to own without a permit. For the most part, exotic animals are illegal in Hawaii. These include bears, big cats, wild canines, hybrids of feral cats and wild dogs, kangaroos, wild cattle and deer, birds of prey, alligators, geckos and most lizards, hedgehogs, gerbils, hamsters and ferrets.

Pets allowed include guinea pigs, chinchillas, pet mice and rats, parakeets and pigeons. Legal animals are listed, all others are prohibited. The Alaska State Legislature gently explains what animals you can and can`t own. You will find that 5 AAC 92.029. Section c specifically prohibits chimpanzees. Luckily, you can still own a reindeer (as long as it`s not wild), a one-humped camel, a toucan, or a moose – and you don`t even need a permit for those! While Alaska had laws banning nonhuman primates, surprisingly, there was an exception for chimpanzees, the most difficult and dangerous primates of all. But that changed in 2010. Now, the state has some of the strictest animal bans in the United States.

From now on, only toucans, “non-wild” ungulates such as bison, moose, camels, reindeer and oxen as well as hedgehogs are the most “exotic” animals that remain legal. These animals (foxes, ring tails, deer, bats, native opossums, raccoons, skunks, African-clawed frogs, and bobcats) are legal with a USDA permit. Which I will definitely get if it`s an animal I want! Of this list, however, I am only interested in the raccoon. In 2018, almost all of Title 12, Chapter 707: LICENCES AND AUTHORIZATIONS, which defined what you could and could not get a permit for, was repealed. Since their repeal, the original text of the laws is no longer accessible on their website. If an animal is not prohibited or does not require a permit, it may be kept as a pet. However, no person may own more than 6 animals of any kind and not more than 25 wild animals at a time. Coatimundi bred in captivity can be kept as pets, but proof of legal acquisition is required. No county west of the Pecos River with a population of less than 25,000 requires a permit. An opossum is a type of mammal called a marsupial. Marsupials have pouches to carry their young after birth. This group includes kangaroos, wallabies and koalas.

The term “opossum” can refer to either Australasian opossums or North, Central and South American opossums. Although the geographical distinction between opossums and opossums is important, the term “opossum” is used in this article to refer to both species, unless otherwise noted. All you have to do is get a hobby permit for wildlife. This (and the Missouri Administration Code) allows you not to keep more than one red or gray fox, coyote, beaver, river otter, eastern gray squirrel, bobcat, badger or opossum. One of the reasons so many places ban pet possums is their specific needs. Opossums are wild animals by nature and have different care requirements than ordinary pets such as dogs and cats. Before you try to keep an opossum in your home, research their needs in detail and carefully determine if you are able to take care of them. Opossums have a very short lifespan, usually three years or less in the wild, where they fight predators and cars. In captivity, they can live twice as long if properly fed and cared for by a trained caregiver.

However, you can also quickly get sick from the stress of captivity, lack of exercise and limited feeding, and you can invest emotions, time and money in an animal that does not survive long. The reason? These animals have the potential to become an uncontrollable invasive species in the island`s climate, just like the still-legal domestic cat that people are even allowed to roam freely. When it comes to banning pets for environmental reasons, an animal`s popularity can negate any harm caused by that species. If you find an opossum in nature, it is recommended not to try to handle it yourself. Opossums can carry pathogens that can cause human diseases such as leptospirosis, tuberculosis, relapsing fever, tularemia, typhus, toxoplasmosis, coccidiosis, trichomoniasis and Chagas disease. They can also be carriers of various parasites such as fleas, ticks, mites and lice, which can harm public and / or veterinary health. Dealing with an opossum can mean putting yourself, your family, or your pets at risk. West Virginia recently passed regulations for “dangerous wildlife” that allow people to apply for permits to keep them.

Non-pet animals may be kept as pets: coyotes, mink, weasels, muskrats, beavers, opossums, ferrets and otters, red and grey foxes, skunks, bobcats, fishermen and raccoons. Most people who have an opossum as a pet choose the short-tailed opossum. These animals are smaller and can be great pets for beginners. They are very affectionate, relatively clean and generally very healthy. Because these animals are so small, keeping a short-tailed opossum is relatively inexpensive. You`ll need a proper cage to live, but generally anything larger than a well-ventilated 20-gallon aquarium will work. They have an omnivorous diet, so they enjoy a mix of fresh fruits and vegetables and a mix of insects and worms.

If you`re facing a higher cost of living, but have little to no extra money, check out our guide to learn more about additional sources of income and support to help you manage your household bills and save money. What benefits you can claim and other ways to increase your income Loan sharks will never stop chasing you for money, therefore, it is important that you act as soon as possible. Some local credit unions specialize in providing loans to members with thin or damaged credit profiles. These loans are attractive compared to others in the field, as credit unions cannot, by law, charge more than 18% interest on a loan. Apart from customer feedback, you need to pay attention to how these brands respond to customer demands. Even if you need a loan, you may not be familiar with some of the terms and other inside information used by loan sharks. The brand you are going to with should offer you different ways to reach them. Email, phone or other. Find a brand that can support you day and night or refer you to a place where you can get help. They should be able to find this information on their websites.

You should also answer your questions with respect. Everything you tell them will be kept strictly confidential and you can remain anonymous. The loan shark will not know that they are under investigation. But sharks are not new to financial waters. In 1934, Republican presidential candidate Thomas Dewey of New York helped crush the city`s usurer thug, who demanded more than 1,040 percent interest using enforcement methods such as beatings and death threats. MoneyMutual is an online lending marketplace that connects users to more than 60 lenders. You can use the website quickly by registering and completing the application process. The website helps you connect with lenders based on the data you provide in the form. Once you have chosen a lender for the loan, MoneyMutual withdraws from the process and your interactions with the lender are protected. If you`re considering using a loan shark because you can`t borrow money elsewhere, there are a number of organizations that offer free debt advice.

Credit sharks are lenders who charge extremely high interest rates or impose conditions that make it very difficult to repay a loan so that they can continue to extend penalties and fees. And among payday lenders and other short-term lenders on the market, there are plenty of sharks in the financial waters. That`s why it`s important that you pay attention to the repayment terms and penalties associated with any loan you want to accept. Not all loan sharks behave this way. There are legitimate door-to-door lenders like Provident, and loan sharks sometimes try to emulate door-to-door lenders to gain your trust. You may even receive a payment book or an agreement to sign. However, they are not allowed to lend you money without the approval of the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA). Lending money without proper permission is illegal, but borrowing from an unauthorized lender is not. So if you borrowed from a loan shark, you shouldn`t be ashamed or afraid of getting into trouble with the police because you didn`t break the law. Ease of use: The ease of use or accessibility of a particular platform is useful if you opt for other features. Even if it is a huge marketplace that offers security or good transparency, you can give up after a while if it is not user-friendly. Because it involves too much memorizing and learning the interface, most people struggle to navigate and reach their destination.

If you have borrowed from a loan shark, we will not judge you, and everything you tell us is confidential. Use our online debt advice tool or call us (toll-free, including all mobile phones). We help you create a personalized budget and offer you a tailor-made solution to help you deal with your debts. Recently, lawmakers have been working to enact legislation that would set a national interest rate cap of 15% to protect consumers from loan sharks — who often charge interest rates that, on average, are about 30 times higher than the proposed cap.

Since there is little time left, you will have to re-read the briefing and reconstruct what all these supras and identifiers actually refer to. A “supra” recalls a section on the floor of the editing room. A series of “id.at” quotes is meaningless because you have inserted new quotes between here and here and cut others, thus mutilating the order. The citations in the footnotes indicate “above footnote 35” for the original citation, but the abbreviations or insertions have moved this first reference to an earlier or later footnote, so that footnote 35 has nothing to do with the authority referenced. And the text reads more fluidly: “The circuit wondered in Guess if the backpack clause of the Blue Jeans Act applied to cuts, and then categorically confirmed that this was not the case when it was directly confronted with the problem in SpongeBob SquarePants. All judges and lawyers should be aware that these authorities have already been cited and that they should look in the table of authorities for the first reference and the full citation. The Blue Book points out that quotations in explanatory parentheses are ignored when “id.” and “id.” should not be used to designate a quotation that was part of a chain of two or more, as its use in both situations would cause confusion as to the intended reference. This legal article on a Latin phrase is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Thus, for the second, third and eighth references, use id. or supra, depending on the context. “Id.”, if it refers to the very last quote, and “supra”, if the authority was somewhere further back.

(“Ibid.” is an academic version of “id.” and is not even mentioned in the Bluebook.) In general, in-text references are used for memos and facts, while footnotes are used for other legal texts. I recently worked on a Supreme Court motion for printing, which said in footnote 30, “above footnote 30.” We had to ask the lawyer about the evidence sent in the afternoon of a day, requiring corrections (and probably a full review of the many other seemingly retrospective references to the pleading) the next morning to meet the court deadline. Someone`s plans for the evening were at least preliminary. Add the full citation to the case immediately after the corresponding text. If you want to address this case later, give the reader a short form in parentheses. This makes subsequent references much more concise. Ibid. is used when the above footnote refers to the same source.

Ibid can be used after another ibid or after a supra. The above is used when referring to the same source in a footnote that is not immediately above it. Or you might want to quickly remind the court of a whole section of the previous discussions, perhaps an entire paragraph or a piece of it, and use “supra” with a section heading or side panel to indicate it. In general, the empty term supra or v.s., often in parentheses, is simply used to refer the reader to the previous text. In this example, the second quote refers the reader to page 862 of the magazine in which Legatzke`s article appears. Use from above should be done carefully and only when the user fully understands its use, as it could be very confusing for readers if not used appropriately. Second, in the footnotes, there is never any reason to draw the court`s attention to the first footnote citing authority. You can use abbreviated or administrative cross-references in footnotes and text. Or, if you really want to insert a Latin word, a simple supra indicates a second reference after the short name, and the authorities table lists the page where the first reference appeared. If you cite a source multiple times, use ibid or supra after the first citation instead of repeating the full quote. Supra (Latin for “above”) is an academic and legal citation signal used when an author wants to refer a reader to a previously cited authority. For example, an author wishing to refer to a source in his third footnote would quote: See footnote 3 above.

Or for the text of this note: See above, text of footnote 3. You should be careful when moving the citation before the first full reference. When Cockle document analysts enter page numbers into the authority list, we often see a short form before a full citation – perhaps no full citation appears – and note evidence of the need for the full citation. Third, you can use “id.” or “id. to 333” to accurately cite the authority immediately preceding it. But be careful if you continue this ID string for more than a few paragraphs without a short reference to make it clear that the discussion is still focused on the same authority. And if another authority of any kind is in the middle of the identification chain, use a short form to unambiguously refer the discussion to the originating authority. First, avoid the word “supra” in the text altogether. Instead, a second reference to a case may be made to one of the parties` names, possibly with an abbreviated citation. (For example, flint, 1 U.S. to 3.) The short form implies that the full quote was given earlier, so “supra” is redundant. For a commonly used law, add an abbreviated form in parentheses after the first citation.

(e.g., (“Bedrock Act”).) The Supra decision can also be used to briefly quote an earlier (but not immediately earlier) authority. For example: The two most common forms of references in legal writing are in-text references and footnotes. The main difference between them is that references in the text are usually included in the text itself, while footnotes are given at the bottom of the page. Here`s how it might catch up with you and bite you at the end of the briefing and undermine your argument with inaccurate subsequent references. Given the kind of legal pressure that Cockle Legal Briefs exerts every day on pro-se lawyers and petitioners, I will use a petition from the U.S. Supreme Court to obtain a writ of certiorari or letter of opposition as an example: maybe you find out after you send in the draft, or maybe Cockle`s reviewers ask questions to get evidence. Maybe it`s blatant, or maybe it requires careful reading. But it turns out that some of these references to earlier quotes – perhaps many of them – no longer match. They stifle some inappropriate words in the office.

(Sooh-prah) Latin for “above”, in pleadings and decisions, it refers to the citation of a previously mentioned court decision. Therefore, when a case is cited first, it is called Guinn v. United States, (1915) 238 U.S. 347, meaning it is in volume 238 of the U.S. Reports (of the Supreme Court) at page 347 and was decided in 1915. Next time, the case will be cited as Guinn v. United States, supra. A client`s assignment was to quote and discuss different parts of a case, but then mentioned a law and followed a simple “piece of identification.” Was the authority for the latter part the case or the law? Unclear. It was even worse that even after a new title, the quotes were still just “id”. Then, a real confusion arose from a quote “id. to 150” which could not refer to the last case cited, because that case started at page 315. My best guess was that sections or blocks of text had been moved, so we asked the lawyer for clarification.

It could have been easy, or it could have resulted in an expense item in the lawyer`s bill for “midnight oil.” If this Act becomes Act, the ninth section of new subsection 7.0.2 (4) (“section 9”) of the Emergency Management and Civil Protection Act, R.S.O. 1990, c E.9, will give the Lieutenant Governor in Council the power to set prices for certain basic necessities during a declared emergency. While the constitutional review of paragraph 9 should be exhaustive, it may include an assessment of the pricing power.

When you look at the benefits of digital channels, it becomes clear why engaging with these channels is critical to the success of your practice. While most large, successful companies probably don`t advertise, it may be the only way for young, struggling lawyers to attract clients. It can also accelerate the growth of articling students, i.e. store companies that provide routine legal services at a lower cost than most lawyers. The print and broadcast media often generate no income for lawyers. You get lower returns. You only pay for yourself and don`t often get clients to hire you. As a result, these traditional forms of advertising were quickly overtaken by the modern form of advertising by lawyers – online marketing methods. We help more than 18,500 businesses across the country achieve their goals, build their businesses and help more clients achieve their goals. As a member of Thomson Reuters, FindLaw is backed by the world`s leading provider of information and other resources for the legal profession. DISCLAIMER: Due to the generality of this update, the information contained in this document may not be applicable in all situations and should not be implemented without specific legal advice based on specific situations. If you spend a few minutes in front of the television or simply spot a billboard while driving on a highway, you will be bombarded with ads from lawyers.

One lawyer`s advertisement is more disgusting than the other: “We are the Heavy Hitters. A personal injury company has lawyers who claim to be athletes hitting a home run on a miniature baseball field. At least it`s original. On the posters hang big pictures of not-so-pretty lawyers telling you, “I`m going to fight for you.” (Do lawyers really fight?). In the country`s 75 largest television markets, 2,000 lawyers advertise on television, spending a total of nearly $200 million on advertising. [10] Twenty percent of low-income households seeking legal advice found their lawyer through the lawyer`s ads. [11] In 1972, Bates held that solicitation was a form of freedom of expression protected by the First Amendment. Advertising bans for lawyers were later lifted by state bar associations. Lawyers can now advertise, but are still subject to state legal profession regulations to avoid false or misleading advertising. “Competition for customers has become increasingly fierce over the years,” Rich said. “And so that really motivates a lot of lawyers to become more visible and eye-catching with their advertising.” Here`s something lawyers will never tell you: 95% of lawyers who advertise on TV and billboards don`t deal with assault cases! That`s right, advertising and cheesy nicknames are just a façade. So, you ask, why do lawyers announce cases of assault? Quite simply, money.

The controls adopted by the ABA Board of Governors would allow advertising in print and radio – but not on television – and limit the style and amount of information. In some interesting quotes, the majority stated that the prohibition on advertising lawyers serves to “impede the free flow of information and keep the public in the dark.” They also pointed out that “engineers and engineers advertise, and yet these professions are not considered unworthy.” If you want to differentiate yourself from the crowd, do your homework by checking out peer-reviewed reviews on sites like Martindale-Hubbell or Avvo.com that give you reviews of lawyers by lawyers. Pretty good, right? Then, take it a step further by asking your friends and family about their experiences with assault lawyers. Did the lawyer do what he promised? Word of mouth is important when hiring a lawyer. A Houston attorney sponsored part of the television series “Divorce Court” to convey the message that he takes over divorce cases. A Chicago lawyer offers “free legal advice” in a full-page ad in a black-oriented newspaper. The Los Angeles Times has published full pages of lawyer ads, and scattered ads of lawyers appear in Washington newspapers. Lawsuits against advertising usually involve absurd to crude advertising, but more often than not, the advertiser wins because the courts uphold the lawyer`s right to freedom of speech. For example, a Florida case is under review by the Florida Supreme Court in which lawyers sent direct mail requests to those affected by a wrongful death or assault. [11] The ABA rules do not have the force of law and are not enforced by state bar associations. State law societies continue to restrict and regulate advertising.

For example, New York print ads may include only address and telephone number, and may only print specialties unless the company is licensed in that specialty. Bar associations and consumer advocates were concerned that the public would not protect itself from false or misleading advertising. [6] The Bar Association also argued that legalizing advertising would lead to more and more people pursuing careers in law. This is the result of a study that showed that between 1951 and 1971, the number of lawyers increased by 326%. They also believed that increased advertising would promote a wider client base and make it more difficult for lawyers to serve their clients. [4] These regulations must be passed here next week by the ABA House of Representatives before they become official policy. If you`ve turned on a TV in the last four decades, you`ve seen lawyers advertise ad nauseam. Given their prevalence, it`s hard to imagine that there was a time when legal advertising was illegal.

These clinics would attract middle-class Americans who don`t qualify for free legal aid and can`t afford traditional legal services. You`ll notice that “TV advocates” get narrow and agitated when answering your questions. Eventually, “TV lawyers” will admit (if they`re honest) that they haven`t taken any of their cases to court, at least not in the last 10 to 15 years, but they know other lawyers who will do the dirty work for them. He is not your advocate. Nevertheless, the end of restrictions on advertising poses serious problems for organized law`s attempts to prevent legal charlatans from flourishing. In recent decades, legal advertising has relied heavily on traditional telephone directories, particularly Yellow Pages ads. In recent years, as the use of traditional phone directories has declined, advertising efforts have shifted to other media and technologies. The U.S. Supreme Court has recognized that it has the power to review lower court decisions and to argue the case. Chief Justice Warren E. Burger rejected the allegation that the complete ban on advertising by lawyers and law firms violated Sherman antitrust law.

[7] He based his position on the precedent of Goldfarb v.