Mes: diciembre 2022

Oswal has hopefully solved this problem once and for all. As mentioned above, individuals should note that there is a clear difference between the rights of nominees and legal heirs to ensure that their estate passes smoothly to their heirs. In another recent judgment in Indrani Wahi v Registrar of Cooperative Societies and Others (`the Indrani Wahi case`), the Supreme Court considered the appointment provisions under the West Bengal Societies Act of 1983 (`the West Bengal Act`), which requires the cooperative to transfer the shares of that member in the name of the nominee. The Supreme Court`s conclusion was that a cooperative under the West Bengal Act was bound by the appointment of the member. Therefore, in the event of an appointment, the Society has no choice but to transfer the shares in the name of the nominee after the member`s death. Let us hope that with the Oswal case, this problem has finally been resolved and calmed down. As above, you need to know the clear difference between the rights of a nominee and a legal heir to ensure that your estate is passed smoothly to your heirs. Of course, there`s nothing better than talking to your favorite and trusted lawyer to prepare your estate plan. Accordingly, NCLAT concluded that in the event of a person`s death, his or her legal heirs are entitled to his or her property. Each nominee holds the assets only until the question of acquisition is decided in favour of the legal heirs. Thus, a nominee is a custodian of the deceased`s property until it is distributed among the legal heirs. The legal provisions of sections 109A and B were considered by the Division Bench of the Bombay High Court in the case of Shakti Yezdani v. Jayanand Jayant Salgaonkar, where, in interpreting the provisions, the court held that the agent of a holder of shares or securities appointed under section 109A of the Companies Act 1956 has no beneficial ownership right in the shares or securities which make the purpose of the appointment, to the exclusion of any other person, who are entitled, under the law of succession, to inherit the holder`s estate.

Thus, the High Court held that appointment does not take precedence over the law in matters of testamentary or legal succession. The appointment provisions are intended to ensure that the estate or the rights of the deceased`s object are protected until the deceased`s legal representatives take appropriate action. In the past, there have been conflicting observations. In one such case (Harsha Nitin Kokate v. The Saraswat Cooperative Bank Limited, also known as the “Kokate case”), a single judge of the Mumbai High Court ruled that the rights of the candidate took precedence over those of successors in the case of shares held in a company. With this per incuriam decision, another single judge of the Bombay High Court subsequently confirmed the opposite, i.e. in favour of the successors. However, the power of a single judge to review the findings of another single judge gave rise to controversy which was questioned in this case before the two-judge chamber of the High Court in Mumbai. It is not clear from the above cases whether preference should be given to the appointment of testamentary or non-testamentary succession or vice versa. Always ensure that, for a smooth flow of assets or assets to heirs, a will made by the person is consistent with the appointment or that the will so explicitly overrides the appointments so that the fundamental purpose of the appointment for a particular element is not defeated. This avoids possible conflicts between beneficiaries and legal heirs. The Honourable Supreme Court had another twist in March 2016 in the case of Indrani Wahi v.

Registrar of Cooperative Societies & Ors, which stated that “a cooperative cannot challenge the transfer of ownership to the nominee if it is a relative of the deceased. The agent of a deceased member is entitled to property by transfer if he is a relative of the deceased person who made the appointment on his behalf, according to the cooperative`s records, and the co-operative cannot contest the nominee`s right. The Supreme Court has ruled that in cases where there is a candidate, there is an absolute transfer of rights to the candidate and section 72(3) of the Companies Act 2013 supersedes any other law currently in force due to its non-obstantial clause. Furthermore, in view of the Delhi High Court Standing Order 20, the shares should be held in the name of Ms. Aruna Oswal until the civil action has been finally decided. Since the basis of the claim is a right to inherit, such a decision on legal, ownership and ownership of shares, including the effect of appointment, would fall directly within the jurisdiction of a civil court before which a decision is pending. It would therefore not be appropriate for the company court to conduct parallel proceedings before the civil court decides on the matter. Accordingly, the Supreme Court set aside the orders of NCLT 22 and NCLAT 23 and allowed the civil appeal to the extent that Pankaj withdrew the claim in its entirety until the civil dispute regarding his rights, title and interests in the estate or shares was finally resolved. The Supreme Court ruled that a candidate`s rights would depend on the legal provisions and distinguished Sarbati Devi 7, Khanchandani 12 and Ram Talwar 14 on the grounds that the provisions of the Life Insurance Act, the Public Savings Act and the Banking Regulation Act did not provide for the “allocation” of the instrument in question to the applicant. It therefore appears that the Supreme Court was influenced by the use of the term “vested” in the Companies Act, which had to be interpreted separately from any other law that did not adopt similar wording as a nominee. In fact, as we saw above, this was exactly the reasoning adopted in Kokate 3, which was eventually set aside in Shakti Yezdani 5.

For example, a man bequeaths his bank accounts to his children also in his will. During his lifetime, he made an appointment in favour of his wife. After his death, his wife kept the accounts only in the name of her children until the estate was completed. This could lead to a family dispute if the children claim the bank balance and their mother refuses to hand it over. Although banks may decide to remit the funds held in the various bank accounts to you (as the agent of these bank accounts), you are only entitled to hold these funds in the name of the legal heir identified in the will. However, NCLAT relied on the Supreme Court`s decision in World Wide Agencies Pvt Ltd. (4), according to which an interpretation according to which the legal representatives of a deceased shareholder cannot have the same rights as a shareholder would be a hypertechnical vision contrary to justice. The Supreme Court added: In light of Dayagen Private Limited v. Rajendra Dorian Punj and Anr2 2008, the Delhi High Court interpreted Section 109A of the Companies Act strictly, making it clear that the legislature intends to override the general law of succession and create an exception in respect of the appointment of shares and bonds.

The rules of procedure set out in this section must be strictly adhered to in order to achieve such priority effect, i.e. the designation must be made in the prescribed manner. In this case, no witness had duly testified to the nomination and was therefore invalid. However, Justice Dalvi noted that under the provisions of the Companies Act and the Depositary Act governing the transfer of shares, the role of a candidate is different.

Summation is a legal review platform that enables law enforcement, government agencies, enterprises, and law firms to streamline operations related to eDiscovery, data visualization, document review, team collaboration, and more. Administrators can manage individual access rights so that they can add or access case files from the database. Summation has undergone a lot of changes over the years in terms of software licensing, and it hasn`t really kept up with new technologies and updates. Summation was a very heavy software to process slowly, to process production sets Summation iBlaze has been the processing software of choice for Canadian law firms for over a decade. The new web-based summation platform is easy to use and seamlessly combines data processing, early case assessment and final review for a more efficient workflow. Summation is a single, comprehensive, web-based legal review platform that provides teams with a single tool to manage all stages of post-collection eDiscovery. Based on proven FTK processing technology, Summation combines case processing, review and organization into one product for the most cost-effective and fastest eDiscovery. It uses a unique, shared, and judicially secure database and back-end data and never has to travel during the eDiscovery process, reducing the risk of data loss and theft. Advanced case data filtering offers hundreds of unique facets and seamless integration with Quin-C, AccessData`s powerful additive technology for expedited legal review. Summation is a classic software that many people in the industry are familiar with. This familiarity is a selling point. Details of the free trial version of Summation have not been shared by the provider. Summons efficiently organizes document production so that documents can be found easily and quickly, which is incredibly useful in an emergency! It also simplifies the Bates labeling process by doing it for you when uploading documents.

Summative pricing can be done in detail as needed upon request on the website. Summation pricing plans can also be requested from customer service. While summation was the dominant tool (whether like iBlaze or Pro) for law firms until a few years ago, it failed to keep up with the rapid advancement of eDiscovery technologies and requirements. Ricoh eDiscovery is proud to be a reseller of AccessData Elite and the first summation partner in Canada to offer the technology as a truly scalable end-to-end web-based and eDiscovery solution. No opinion yet. Rate this app or be the first to rate. Summation provides end-to-end eDiscovery platforms that provide data processing, ECA, and final exam in one. The near-native blackening and word boundaries allow writing first, then only smaller, redacted documents. Summons includes built-in case organizer features that facilitate collaboration on cases and help teams easily record, organize, and search for key facts, relevant events, key witness statements, questions, and summaries as they prepare for trial. The browser`s briefcase feature allows secure web access to the suitcase from anywhere, even when it`s offline. Very useful when trying to verify statements.

This is useful when researching keywords and when working on deposit summaries. It takes some time to learn how to navigate and use it. I`m sure I haven`t explored all the fantastic achievements he could have. You can install on your own local servers and are not responsible for every GB of data you download/export, nickle & dimed Technical support for this product is excellent For more information on summation, click here or contact our sales team today. Processing is slow and errors most of the time. It uses Silverlight in IE which seems to block the loading of images. The recently released Summary 4.1 takes into account important customer and partner feedback on basic design and functionality. Updated features include imaging enhancements, database caching for faster responses, and an editable grid view. It`s a powerful tool – but the learning curve is steep It`s helpful to process emails and convert them to PDFs. If you don`t have a PDF program like Power PDF Nuance. I love the display setup and features of Summation.

The no-summons demo can be purchased online by visiting the website via the product`s built-in features and a key to use. Currently only works in Internet Explorer (or Chrome with IE extension installed) Most users (at least here) struggle to learn how to maneuver in a case Management can be a bit stressful if case processing crashes or crashes for some reason. In this sense, when a case is dealt with (OCR, indexing, etc.), the program takes every bit of the processor on this server. It will work at 97% until it is done. There`s no way to limit this to 80% or less.

The Department of Medical Education is committed to the ongoing training, development and education of the Trust`s medical and clinical staff, consistent with the Trust`s objective of finding and developing a workforce that meets the needs of our patients and ensuring that our medical and dental clinical staff have the capacity, the skills, knowledge and expertise needed to: deliver high quality. safe and efficient services. The offices are open Monday to Friday from 08:30 to 17:00. The library is open 24/7 via the entrance on the first floor. (Access by hospital card) How to find us The main entrance of the COMET center is located on the ground floor of the old hospital building with the library and training and development on the first floor. For more information about the Trust, please visit the main website: www.bedfordshirehospitals.nhs.uk/.

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You won`t center it on a rock you haven`t seen. It is properly equipped with headlights, turn signals, horns, bumpers (well, sort of) and taillights, both below and in height, so that it is clearly visible in traffic. It`s also a lot of fun to drive through bigger, slower cars as if you`re riding a 4-wheeled motorcycle. A pair of racing buckets have been bolted to the frame, diamond plate bottoms have been made for bottom protection, and you get the minimum equipment needed to operate a motor vehicle. Once you`re there, it`s actually pretty convenient, and the passenger gets a handy handle that`s there, you know, just in case. For the driver, there`s a competition-style deep steering wheel, a 4-speed shifter with T-handle and a range of Equus displays that include a speedometer, voltmeter, tachometer and oil pressure to monitor the engine. No radio, no heating, no air conditioning, nothing that would have fun and drove fast. Honestly, you`ll have more fun watching the front wheels do their thing and the reactions of the drivers around you than you would listen to the radio anyway. The roof is another diamond plate that`s not really meant to keep rain away from your head, but maybe it keeps the sun out of your eyes when you play. It is titled Volkswagen Beetle 1973 because most of the material came from one. The engine is a well-known air-cooled four-cylinder boxer, professionally built for this car and its intended use.

Dual carburetors, custom exhaust manifolds, and lots of chrome make it not only fast, but also an attractive part of the big picture. It is clearly designed for harsh environments with sturdy fittings and braided stainless steel pipes, as well as a large raised polished gas tank. The four-wheel independent suspension allows it to jump over obstacles without injury, and with disc brakes on all 4 wheels, it stops as best it can, another advantage of its tiny curb weight. Chrome wheels don`t have to be strong to be effective, and with the offset radials 216/65/15 at the front and 295/50/15 at the rear, you don`t mind wandering the streets or paths. It`s a toy, no doubt, but few toys are as functional and as well made. Come with us on a walk and you`ll see what we mean. Call now! Volkswagen Dune Buggy 1973 for sale Volkswagen Dune Buggy 1973 for sale Stock #847-DFW Charlotte Showroom 5400 West WT Harris Blvd Charlotte, NC 28269 Local/International: (704) 598-2130 Toll Free: (866) 542-8392 Opening hours: Mon – Fri: 9AM – 6PM EST Sat: 9AM – 5PM EST Email: [email protected] Atlanta Showroom 213 Thornton Rd Lithia Springs, GA 30122 Local/International: (678) 279-1609 Toll Free: (877) 367-1835 Opening hours: Mon – Fri: 9 am – 6 pm EST Sat: 9 am – 5 pm EST Email: [email protected] Dallas/Fort Worth Showroom 5400 Sandshell Dr Fort Worth, TX 76137 Local / International: (817) 764-8000 Toll Free: (855) 877-2707 Hours: Mon – Fri: 9 am – 6 pm CST Sat: 9 am – 5 pm CST Email: [email protected] GENERAL CONDITIONS 1. Subject to the eBay User Agreement, by placing a bid, you enter into a legally binding contract and agree to purchase the vehicle described above. Details of this commitment are described in more detail in the eBay User Agreement.

2. The vehicle can be sold by Streetside Classic Cars before the end of the auction. Streetside Classic Cars reserves the right to terminate its auctions early or cancel bids at its sole discretion and will not be liable for any such cancellation. 3. The successful bidder is obliged to contact Streetside Classic Cars within 24 hours of the conclusion of the auction to complete the details of the transaction. 4. A non-refundable deposit of $1,000 is required within 48 hours of the auction closing. This deposit reserves the vehicle and removes it from the market. The payment methods accepted for deposit are: credit card, bank transfer, cashier`s check and money order.

Based on a custom-built frame by renowned Belgian custom bike manufacturer Workhorse Speedshop, the Trevor FTR Stella is a fully electric, fully electric and competitive flat track road bike that generates nearly 200 feet of torque instantly accessible to the rear wheel. The FTR Stella, which is also offered in a roadworthy variant with headlights, turn signals, license plate holder and front brake, consists of some of the best spare parts available such as AFAM chain and sprockets, Haan wheels with Dunlop flat track tires, Öhlins suspension, Beringer brakes and domino handlebars. Its electric motorcycles for adults are no different. The LiveWire cycle, which runs entirely on batteries, has the same acceleration capability as any of Harley Davidson`s gasoline equivalents – an extremely important factor in a motorcycle, a vehicle often purchased for the thrill and fun of high speed. With LiveWire, you can increase your durability without compromising the values of your bike. Along with Zero and Cake, the Italian company Energica is one of the few brands of high-level fully electric motorcycles. And while some of Zero`s motorcycles appear elsewhere on this list, the #3 fastest electric motorcycle homologated for the road is an Energica. In particular, the 2022 Energica Ego+ of 149 mph. What do we see twinkling on the horizon? Oh, just the hottest electric motorcycles coming out very soon: Speaking of SR/F Premium, this is just one of many motorcycles in Zero Motorcycles` all-electric lineup.

And although this range is divided between the “Street” and “Dual Sport” models, all Zero motorcycles are road legal. Here`s how the division works: Energica not only manufactures the third electric motorcycle homologated for the fastest road to arrive on the market in 2022, but also the motorcycles that occupy the 4th place. These bikes are the 2022 Energica Eva Ribelle and the 2022 EsseEsse9+, both of which can reach 125mph. However, the way they achieve this speed is slightly different. If you`re a fan of electric motorcycles, you`ve probably heard of the SONDORS Metacycle. When electric vehicles hit the market, they were still largely novelties and their main selling point was undoubtedly their greener nature. However, over time, fully electric cars and fully electric motorcycles have seen huge technological and mechanical leaps. This has ultimately resulted in electric motorcycles that perform equally, if not objectively better, than their gasoline-powered counterparts, as well as other idiosyncratic features that are largely unique to the battery-powered bike segment. Below, we will briefly discuss some of the factors and features that make electric motorcycles unique. It is the fastest road bike in the world and the “218” in its name is not just any suffix, but indicates the maximum speed of the bike. Yes, that`s right, the Lightning LS-218 can reach a top speed of 218 miles per hour, which is accompanied by its crazy, zero to 60 mph of 2.2 seconds! The Energica EGO+/RS is the best electric motorcycle of 2022. With a magnificent range of 261 miles (or 420 km), this gentle ride could take you across the country`s borders if you wish.

Not to mention the overly cool aesthetics and super-fast top speed that seal the deal. Of course, not all of this performance comes cheap. If you want the third fastest electric motorcycle homologated for the road, the starting price is $25,600. But think of it this way. For less than $26,000, you have a vehicle that can beat a 2022 Porsche 911 at 60 mph without emitting emissions. Designed for free riding, this affordable little electric motorcycle ensures you won`t be limited by money (or lack thereof). In fact, you`ll feel limitless when riding the Metacycle on the road. With no significant smoke, vibration or ringing in the ears, this ever-quiet motorcycle is secretive, slim and elegant. With a range of 128 km (80 miles) and a top speed of 130 km/h (80 mph), your rides, weekend walks and trips to the in-laws are sorted.

If electric motorcycles are expensive in your mind, you won`t be disappointed with the Curtiss One. Curtiss (named after Glen Curtiss, former motorcycle land speed record holder, aviation pioneer and engineer) was developed by the team that brought you Confederate Motorcycles, and is just as aloof in its design, this time more for the retro look than Confederate hypermodernism. It is unlike anything else, with its Art Deco elements and advanced engineering and construction techniques. The Swedish company Cake has set out to develop the ultimate electric dirt bike, economical, lightweight and powerful. After that, she turned to a legal street version. The strange name lime & is the result and you might think it`s a glorified bike, so little design and construction. If a 218mph electric motorcycle worth nearly $40,000 is too much, don`t worry, Lightning has something else for you. Well, theoretically, it is – let me explain. In 2019, California-based Lightning Motorcycles introduced a more affordable model, the Strike.

It has a 120 hp liquid-cooled electric motor, like the LS-218 used, connected to a 20 kWh battery. That`s enough to bring this 455-pound electric sports bike to a claimed speed of 150mph, making it the #2 fastest electric motorcycle homologated for the road. Significantly lower operating costs: Gas prices are at an all-time high and large bikes aren`t really the best with gas mileage. The solution? Simple. Fast electric bikes. Since only electricity is needed, the operating costs of an electric motorcycle are much lower than those of an ICE motorcycle of the same caliber. Now, we know that the initial cost of electric vehicles is higher, but if you`re a regular driver, an electric motorcycle will be much easier for your pocket in the long run. Admittedly, $22,000 is a lot for a motorcycle, although it`s on par with competitors like the Zero SR/F Premium. The SR/F is also significantly lighter and sportier, although it`s slightly slower and has a shorter battery life. Still, even if you`re not a Harley-Davidson fan, the LiveWire One is a high-end electric motorcycle that`s worth checking out. While the nearly $20,000 price tag for this bike doesn`t necessarily make it the cheapest of the bunch, the collection of features, impressive stats, and skillful workmanship represented by the Zero SR/S make it a valuable purchase for anyone looking for a good electric motorcycle.

The fastest electric motorcycle homologated for the road is the Lightning LS-218 with a top speed of 218 miles per hour. To find the best electric motorcycles on the market today, we ranked the features that we felt were most important – such as safety and range, as well as performance, style and comfort – and looked at all the motorcycles that have been released recently (and will be released sometime in 2021). The master list we made included several sophisticated and capable motorcycles! There are many manufacturers that make electric motorcycles, such as Zero, Cake, Energica and Livewire, a Harley Davidson brand that we have seen what a value-based motorcycle can do.

Many companies issue two types of shares: common shares and preferred shares. The vast majority of shareholders are common shareholders, largely because common shares are cheaper and more abundant than preferred shares. While common shareholders enjoy voting rights, preferred shareholders generally do not have voting rights until common shareholders are paid due to their preferred status, allowing them to earn the first dividend. In addition, dividends paid to preferred shareholders are typically higher than those paid to common shareholders. (For more information, see “What are the rights of all common shareholders?”) Anti-Primacy: Sharing Power in American Corporations Robert B. Thompson, 71(2): 381-426 (Spring 2016) Prominent theories of corporate governance often adopt primacy as a matter of organization. Shareholder primacy is the oldest and most commonly used of its kind. The primacy of the director has increased considerably and comes in at least two different versions. Various alternatives followed – primacy for CEOs, employees, creditors. All these theories cannot be correct. This article claims that none of them are. The alternative developed here is a shared power between the three actors named in the statutes of the companies, with judges responsible for keeping all players in the game.

The revealing part of the article shows how the proposed parts lack the legal or economic characteristics necessary for primacy. The prescriptive part of the article suggests that we can better understand the multiple uses of primacy if we recognize that the law does not prescribe the first principles of corporate governance, but provides a structure that works in the face of the economic and business environment of modern businesses, where the separation of functions and effectiveness of managers is the starting point. Therefore, colloquial legal language that transfers all power to the board must be interpreted in light of the reality of the discontinuous nature of board (and shareholders) involvement in governance. The corporate governance documents of the largest U.S. companies, as discussed in the article, are consistent with this reality by assigning management to senior executives and using verbs such as oversee, review, and advise as director functions. The final part deals with dispute resolution and the role of judges in such a world, with particular emphasis on the boundary between shareholder and director. At this limit, there are two distinct judicial roles, the traditional role, which focuses on the application of the fiduciary duty to review conflicts and other incompetence of the director, and the less recognized role of protecting the mutual assistance of shareholders. In this more modern context, market and economic developments allow shareholders to participate effectively in governance in a way that was unworkable three decades ago when key Delaware legal doctrines took hold.

What is particularly interesting here is how courts, commentators and institutional investors act in a manner consistent with a common approach to power, as opposed to the primacy of one of the theories originally proposed. Some states, such as California, offer additional protections to minority shareholders and provide that if the company is sold or a dividend is declared, the same price or dividend per share must be paid to the minority shareholder as to those who hold the majority of the shares. In addition, California may, in certain circumstances, impose a fiduciary duty on controlling shareholders so that their shares cannot harm the interests of minority shareholders. The law in this area is complex and legal advice should be sought before taking any action that could harm minority shareholders. Corporate shareholder rights are the benefits that come with buying stock, such as the ability to vote on certain issues.3 minutes spent reading Dodge v. Ford Motor Co. at 100: The Enduring Legacy of Corporate Law`s Most Controversy Case Michael J. Vargas, 75(3): 2103-2122 (Summer 2020) This article examines Dodge v. Ford on the occasion of its 100th anniversary. In Dodge v.

Ford, the Michigan Supreme Court ruled that a corporation is organized for the benefit of its shareholders and that directors must operate it for that purpose. Despite the fact that Dodge v. Ford is rarely cited in court notices, the case continues to stir controversy in case law. There is little justification for this academic attention because the factual basis is little more than a caricature of Henry Ford, and subsequent developments in corporate law have almost eroded the precedential value of the case. On the contrary, the legacy of Dodge v. Ford may simply be that it serves as a practical talisman that represents the one phrase that truly cares about everyone and is deployed with every new battle in the war between maximizing shareholder profits and corporate social responsibility. In addition to the rules of absolute priority, other rights differ for each class of security right. For example, a corporation`s articles usually state that only common shareholders have voting rights and that preferred shareholders must receive dividends before common shareholders. The rights of bondholders are defined differently because a contract or bond deed is a contract between the issuer and the bondholder. Payments and privileges received by the bondholder are based on the obligation (contractual principles). Who will the business be managed for in 2020? The Object Debate Edward B. Rock, 76(2): 363-396 (Spring 2021) A high-profile debate is taking place on one of the oldest questions in corporate law, namely: “For whom is the company run?” In addition to jurists and lawyers, leading business leaders and business school professors.

The “Long Term” in Corporate Law J.B. Heaton, 72(2): 353-366 (Spring 2017) When you read in-house counsel, jurists and influential lawyers, shareholders are an alarming short-sighted group demanding that executives and managers make short-term decisions that sacrifice long-term value. But here`s the conundrum: there`s virtually no evidence that shareholders prefer short-term gains that are smaller than larger (discounted) long-term gains. This article makes a simple claim: The short/long-term rhetoric in Delaware corporate law obscures the real struggle, between a rational desire of far-sighted shareholders to maximize shareholder value on the one hand, and a desire of the courts and others for the longevity of corporations – that is, the long-term survival of corporations – on the other. Corporate law directs, or at least allows directors, to manage long-term survival under the guise of maximizing shareholder wealth, i.e. a state of sufficient continuous profitability that allows the company to survive as long as possible, regardless of whether this level of profitability actually maximizes shareholder value. The problem is obvious: if Delaware allows companies to prioritize longevity, then it`s a goal that often conflicts with shareholder wishes. Whether this policy is good or bad for society, I`m going for another day. But as long as Delaware leaves voting power to shareholders and gives directors a hidden power to act against shareholder interests in the name of corporate longevity, we can expect (and will continue to be) in many cases where corporations are worth more in other forms, when corporations in different forms are worth more. if they are oriented differently. Smaller, acquired and merged into larger organizations, or, to put it bluntly, liquidated and completely dead.

Our overview of contributions on this topic shows that different notions of social norms can influence how we see or understand the relationship between law and society and thus influence the conclusions you draw as a researcher. The conceptual continuum between static and dynamic notions of social norms can be used to reflect one`s own understanding of social norms. Contributions on this topic can be read as illustrations of certain conceptions of social norms. We would consider Yuan and Pei`s contributions to be the static side of our continuum. Yuan`s contribution uses economic theories to examine how transnational norms in business law are evolving, while Pei examines how popular beliefs about litigation have taken shape in China`s criminal justice system. Müller`s contribution, on the other hand, draws on a dynamic conception of social norms to examine differences in policing between indigenous and migrant youth. As editors, we would like to thank some of the people who participated in the production of this issue. We thank EGSL for its financial support both for the focus group meetings and for this special issue. We thank Elaine Mak for the motivation behind organizing this special issue, René van Swaaningen and Sanne Taekema for their feedback on our first thematic ideas from the focus group. Finally, we would like to thank Ellen Hey in particular for her harsh criticism and infinite patience in supervision.

The doctrine of relationship is the principle that an action taken at a certain point in time is considered by a legal fiction to have been performed at an earlier time. For example, in the case of the transfer of immovable property, the final proceedings concluding the transfer of ownership are considered effective for certain purposes by taking effect on the date on which the first procedure took place. The relationship is essentially the legal concept of retroactivity. Static notions of social norms are often found in theories that approach law and society from a rational electoral perspective. Yuan`s contribution to this topic explains, for example, how social and legal norms have evolved over time in transnational business practice. These rules are intended to regulate the conduct of the parties in the conduct of their affairs. In this article, rational choice theories are used to explain the development of these norms in the field of transnational business law. In general, rational choice theories explain how the behaviour of individuals is influenced by a cost-benefit analysis.12x See, for example, the collection of articles in J. Elster (ed.), Rational Choice (1986). These theories approach society from an economic perspective in which individuals are viewed as rational, meaning that individuals aim to promote their preferences.13x For a discussion of these theories in the field of sociology, see, for example, C.

Silling and P.A. Mellor, The Sociological Ambition: Elementary Forms of Social and Moral Life (2001), pp. 164-184, and in the field of criminology, R.H. Burke, An Introduction to Criminological Theory (2014), pp. 29-77. Theories that analyze how individuals determine which behavior benefits their preferences explain social norms in terms of costs and benefits. From the point of view of rational choice theories, some models of behaviour would be rational under certain circumstances and thus improve overall utility.14x T. Voss, `Game-theoretical Perspectives on the Emergence of Social Norms`, in M. Hechter and K. Opp (eds.), Social Norms (2001) 105.

Social norms can therefore be explained in terms of consensus among rational individuals.15x Silling and Mellor, above no. 13, at 176. Since rational choice theories emphasize that social norms exist because they provide an overall benefit to the individual, 16x Voss, above No. 14, at 110ff. Social norms must also be understood in light of these costs and benefits. A number of characteristics emerge from a rational decision-making perspective on law and society. First, by moving closer to social norms, implementation becomes an important problem from the point of view of rational decision-making. Social norms must be enforced, as stowaways can try to obtain benefits without incurring costs if they follow a social norm.17x Id. 113ff. The app therefore ensures that social norms are respected by individuals. Second, rational choice theories explain social norms, particularly at the level of individual behavior. Another static conception of social norms may be more fruitful if the relationship between law and society is to be approached from a macro perspective.

A macro perspective on the relationship between law and society, based on a static conception of social norms, is possible by approaching social norms in the sense of generally shared beliefs or values. Pei`s contribution to this topic explains, for example, how a particular form of alternative dispute resolution in the Chinese legal system, criminal reconciliation, is shaped by the widespread belief in Chinese society that disputes between individuals should be resolved informally. It describes from a historical perspective how this universally shared value is reflected in China`s criminal justice system. The idea of values as a signal of a general consensus within society is found in the work of sociologist Émile Durkheim. In his book The Division of Labor in Society, Durkheim distinguishes mechanical solidarity from organic solidarity.18x E. Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society (1997). Mechanical solidarity exists in societies where individuals share the same values. Organic solidarity, on the other hand, exists in societies where individuals can pursue different values in the face of the division of labor. In his later work, however, Durkheim argues that individualism does provide a common frame of reference on the basis of which individuals within a society can pursue different values, provided they respect the autonomy of the other.19x See R.

Cotterrell, Émile Durkheim: Law in a Moral Domain (1999), pp. 112-115. Durkheim`s ideas on solidarity show how a common form of consensus within society leads to social norms power. Static notions of social norms that emphasize shared beliefs or values can examine how a society`s values are reflected in a legal system. Durkheim, for example, argued that mechanical solidarity corresponded to a certain form of law that he called repressive law. Organic solidarity, on the other hand, is reflected in what Durkheim called reparation rights. Although Cotterrell argued that Durkheim did not share this view in his later work, 20x Id., 82ff. Durkheim`s ideas of values provide an intuitive understanding of the relationship between law and society. More generally, the idea that social values should be reflected in a legal system has been described as a mirror thesis by Tamanaha.21x Tamanaha, above No.

3. By conceptualizing the relationship between law and society in this way, it can be examined whether the values generally shared in a society are adequately reflected in the law. Tamanaha also criticizes the mirror thesis. One of his criticisms is that society is in fact not reflected in the law, as the mirror thesis suggests. According to him, Western legal systems do not really reflect the substantive values of society. This highlights the importance of procedures that ensure the general recognition of the right as valid.22x Id., 96ff. These sample sentences are automatically selected from various online information sources to reflect the current use of the word “static.” The views expressed in the examples do not represent the views of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us your feedback. n. the inappropriate, unjustified and/or illegal use of property that causes inconvenience or harm to others, whether private individuals and/or the general public.

Harassment can include harmful odors, noise, burns, diversion of water to other property, illegal gambling, unauthorized collections of rusty cars, indecent signs and photos of businesses, and various annoying activities.

In Olympic swimming competitions, it is possible to swim over a floating pool if you stretch your body flat on the water to create balance, but the same person will sink if the arms are wrapped around the legs and curl up into a ball. The reason for this event is made possible by the fact that flotation has to do with the amount of water pressed against the submerged object. This phenomenon can be explained simply by Archimedes` principle. When a body floats in a liquid, the weight of the liquid displaced by its submerged part is equal to the total weight of the body. This is the law of flotation, that is to say during swimming the weight of the floating body = weight of the liquid displaced by its submerged part. Archimedes` principle and the principle of flotation confuse people. Are these two principles the same or different? That was a crucial question that people were asking. What makes a gigantic structure float across the sea like a ship is another mystery. I also imagine a ship weighing hundreds of pounds floating on the water, given the weight of the loads it carries, while even half the weight of the load sinks when thrown overboard. Archimedes` principle, called the physical law of buoyancy, was discovered by the ancient Greek inventor and mathematician Archimedes.

The principle says so; The upward buoyancy force directed at a body totally or partially immersed in a liquid is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the weight of the body acting upwards in the center of mass of the displaced fluid. This principle explains that the volume of the liquid displaced is equal to the volume of an object completely immersed in a liquid, or to the part or fraction of the volume immersed for an object partially immersed in a liquid, since the density of the fluid is constant. What is the reason for ice flotation on waterFlotation lawsA body floats in a liquid when:1. The density of the body material is less than or equal to the density of the liquid.2. When the density of the body material is equal to the density of the fluid, the body floats completely in the liquid in neutral equilibrium.3. When the body floats in neutral equilibrium, the weight of the body is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.4. The center of gravity of the body and the center of gravity of the fluid displaced must be in a vertical line. We now understand the center of buoyancy and the metacenter of buoyancy: the center of gravity of the fluid moved by a body is called the center of buoyancy. Metacenter: When a floater is slightly out of balance, the center of buoyancy shifts.

The point where the vertical line passing through the new position of the center of buoyancy meets the starting line is called the metacenter. What are the conditions for a stable balance of the floater?a. The metacenter must always be higher than the center of gravity of the body.b. The line connecting the centre of gravity of the body and the point of flow shall be vertical. We know that density is mass per unit volume. Its S.I unit is kg/m3 and the relative density is the density of the material per water density at four degrees Celsius. The relative density is measured with the hydrometer. – The density of seawater is higher than that of normal water. Therefore, it is easier to swim in seawater.- When ice floats in water, its part remains 1/10 outside the water.- When ice floating in a container in the water melts, the water level in the container does not change.- The purity of the milk is measured with a lactometer. From the article we learned what flotation is, how can we swim, why some objects float instead of sinking, what are the laws of flotation, etc. Although related, the principle of flotation and the concept that a submerged object displaces a volume of liquid equal to its own volume are not Archimedes` principle.

The Archimedean principle mentioned above equates buoyancy force with the weight of the displaced liquid. www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-archimedes-principle-and-principle-of-floatation www.britannica.com/science/Archimedes-principle www.britannica.com/technology/ship#ref528206 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes%27_principle physics.weber.edu/carroll/archimedes/principle.htm principle of Archimedes states that the buoyancy force exerted on a body immersed in a liquid, in whole or in part, is equal to the weight. fluid that the body moves. [1] Archimedes` principle is a fundamental physical law of fluid mechanics. It was formulated by Archimedes of Syracuse. [2] Archimedes` principle shows the buoyancy and displacement of the fluid. However, the concept of Archimedes` principle can be applied to determine why objects float. Thesis 5 of Archimedes` treatise On Floating Bodies states that Archimedes, the ancient Greek scientist, was the first to explain the principle of flotation. According to him, all objects placed in a liquid undergo an upward force that allows the body to float as it moves water with a weight equal to the weight of the body. This upward force is known as buoyancy force and the law is known as the law of buoyancy.

Fluidity depends mainly on density. If an object has a density lower than the density of water, it floats. Like the leaf of a plant floats on water because the density of the leaf is less than the density of water. A stone thrown into water sinks because the density of the stone is greater than the density of the water. Have you ever thought of a ship weighing tons floating while a needle sinks? This can be explained as follows: a ship is made of iron and steel, but has a lot of space filled with air.

However, stand-your-ground laws extend this narrow exception to virtually every public place, encouraging an increasingly armed public to “assert themselves,” intensify confrontations, and resort to vigilant justice in situations where they know they have perfectly safe alternatives. By definition, “Stand Your Ground” laws only change the legal standard for situations where it can be proven that a person knew they could safely walk away from an incident to avoid a serious threat to themselves or others, but still chose to kill another human being. In other words, they facilitate the possibility of committing murder. As a result, too often, these laws allow for the use of lethal force as a first step rather than a last resort. For this reason, these laws are often referred to as “shoot first” laws. There were 27 states that had some sort of stand-your-ground law in 2018. Florida tends to get the most attention because of its liberal application and famous cases, but liberal states like New Hampshire also have it in their books. Several states allow lethal self-defense actions in public through other means, including jurisdiction, and Wisconsin, Ohio and North Dakota have applied the precedent to defending one`s own vehicle. 4. There could be a racist bias to resist your basic laws.

The Tampa Bay Tribune collected 112 cases in which people accused of murder decided to rely on stand-your-ground laws as a defense. The first cases of his collection date back to 2006 and continued until July 2013. Journalists found that 72 percent of defendants who killed an African-American person received no punishment for their actions. If a white person was murdered under the same circumstances, 59% were not punished. A study of cases where Stand Your Ground was used as a defense in Florida from 2005 to 2012 found that in 79 percent of cases where such claims were successful, the defendant could have withdrawn to avoid confrontation, and in 68 percent of successful lawsuits, the person killed was unarmed.23 “Blacks make up 16.6 percent of Florida`s population.” notes John Lott, “but represent 31% of defendants who invoke the defence. Black defendants who invoke the law are actually acquitted eight percentage points more often than whites. By lowering the threshold for the justified use of lethal force to protect oneself, stand-your-ground laws should increase the defensive use of weapons and, where a deterrent, reduce crime and violence rates. In particular, on-the-ground laws reduce the anticipated legal costs of using defensive firearms by reducing the likelihood of criminal or civil liability for fatal or non-fatal injuries. Laws, in turn, increase the expected cost of violent criminal behavior, as victims are more likely to respond with lethal force. This mechanism could help reduce crime rates or encourage criminals to turn to other types of crime where they are less likely to encounter armed resistance. In this case, crime rates may remain stable while the composition of crime types (e.g., robbery versus theft) changes. Brittany Smith has been charged with murder for shooting and killing a man who raped, strangled and assaulted her hours earlier, leaving Brittany with more than 30 wounded.

Brittany`s brother tried to intervene to stop the attacker from attacking Brittany again. At the time of the shooting, the assailant strangled Brittany`s brother. Brittany invoked self-defense under Alabama law and was denied immunity. It was later changed with murder.48 The example of Brittany Smith shows how “Stand Your Ground laws” were written to help men, not survivors of domestic violence. Judge Oliver Wendell Holmes once wrote that “remote reflection cannot be required in the presence of a raised knife.” Now imagine that the person in question has a gun. You have to make a split-second decision. Stand your ground laws allow people to take action. “Stand your ground” laws do not deter crime – in fact, they increase homicides in the states where they are enacted. If a white person shoots a black person in a stand-you-ground state, the likelihood that the murder will be considered justified increases by seven percentage points. Similarly, the likelihood that a murder in a stand-you-ground state will be considered justified increases if a white person shoots another white person. Self-defense has long been available as a criminal defense for lethal and non-lethal confrontations. Traditionally, this defence imposes the duty to retreat before force is used when a secure retirement is available.

Stand-your-ground laws – called by some shooting laws first – abolish this obligation to back down in certain cases of self-defense. By abolishing this rule, stand-your-ground laws are designed to remove barriers to self-defense in order to further deter criminal victimization. Given the availability of self-defense laws for situations where a safe retirement is not possible, stand-your-ground laws apply primarily when a person can safely withdraw from an attack or when the availability of a secure retirement is ambiguous. [13] David Love, Stand Your Ground Laws Encourage Racially Charged Violence, CNN (August 3, 2018) www.cnn.com/2018/08/03/opinions/stand-your-ground-law-racial-violence-opinion-love/index.html (citing comments by then-gubernatorial candidate Andrew Gillum on the Florida law).

Meleg estimates that 15-20% of eggs do not hatch in well-maintained lofts. [18] Egg size is important for initial young bird size and hatching mortality, but becomes less important with young bird age. Aggrey and Cheng believe that the hatched weight of young birds is not a good indicator of their weight at four weeks of age. [13] In Indian cuisine, squab plays an important role in the northeast,[35] as well as in Assamese cuisine. [36] The pigeon is usually curried and sometimes cooked with banana flowers. [37] [31] It is popular among tribal populations[38][39] and non-tribal populations. Pigeon meat is associated with starch, and the pre-colonial Kamarupa Yatra also recommends it for health. [5] The dove is sacrificed in some Hindu temples, especially in the Shakta tradition,[40] such as Kamakhya Temple in India,[41][42] after which it can be eaten. A similar practice is also practiced in Nepal. [43] Pigeon curry is often reserved for special occasions. [44] It is not illegal to eat pigeons, but it is indeed illegal to catch them for no good reason and then kill them. We cannot deny that pigeons are an annoying species that often damages property, crops and livestock, and spreads diseases. I called Stan Ariane Daguin, founder of D`Artagnan Foods and Squab, to see if she could shed light on Squab`s deplorable state in the United States.

Daguin quickly reminded me that Squab is not your garden pigeon. It is a young pigeon (usually 28 days old) that has never flown before. Once it is more than a month old or starts flying, the bird is no longer considered a Squab caliber. When it comes to niche status and the corresponding price, the most important factor is how the animal should be bred. “You can`t do artificial insemination like you do with turkey or chicken. So you actually need a father and a mother every time you want a baby. It`s a long process and it`s much, much more intense than any other poultry,” she told me. The combination of increased demand, stagnant supply and larger budgets from these whitewater farms has helped to increase the price of the bird.

While it`s easy to find a variety of Midtown Manhattan restaurants where one or six dishes can be wasted, it`s much harder to find the little bird in Chinatown. I found five Chinese restaurants in NYC that had squab on the menu, but only one kept it in stock – $18.95 per bird, head and all. “I feel so relieved and satisfied,” Dr. Solomon said yesterday. She said the settlement would help pay psychiatric and legal bills incurred as a result of the events and suggest that organizations and officials with the power to arrest individuals should not abuse them. Tony Barwick is the owner of Palmetto Pigeon Plant, the largest squab producer in the United States. When he`s not dealing with calls from pigeon enemies like Lutz, posing as restaurateurs, Barwick manages the farm`s 100,000 pairs of pigeons. Each month, he says, the Sumter, South Carolina-based company plans to sell 40,000 to 50,000 squabs. Barwick birds can be found in “white tablecloth restaurants” and Chinatowns from New York to Los Angeles. “I`ve been late for 15 years,” he says.

Still, it`s clear that some of Squab`s drawbacks are also part of its charm. Because it is difficult to produce and mostly familiar to foodies, it is treated with more respect than a chicken. While this keeps squabs out of the mouths of the masses, it`s actually great for business. After a sharp decline in the 1960s and `70s, Barwick says demand for pigeons is back, even though most Americans don`t notice this particular source of protein. For those who remembered the heyday of the passenger pie, squab remained a popular dish. The birds simply turned from a staple food into a rare delicacy from local farms or shipped from distant poultry factories. But nowadays, pigeon is a dish better served defensively. For post-World War II generations who grew up with massive chickens at the expense of other birds, the pigeon is a nuisance, not a food source. In the 1960s, pigeon meat prices plummeted as demand for pest control skyrocketed. In 1980, Woody Allen named the same New York pigeons that Tesla loved in his film Stardust Memories “rats with wings.” For me, not so long ago, in downtown Los Angeles, a hundred guests gathered for a dinner produced by American Express Centurion. Chef Christopher Kostow of Meadowood`s three-Michelin-starred restaurant in Napa Valley has put together a brilliant menu: chestnut fritters, Hacurei turnips, the cheese dessert in Kostow`s signature candle. But the dish I couldn`t help but think of was the squab breast.

The main course was served in a conical cabbage and was a game with a pithivier, which usually uses puff pastry to surround the protein. When I ate the dish, I kept thinking: Man, squash is the best. Why don`t I cook more squab? In Chinese cuisine, squab is part of festive banquets for holidays such as Chinese New Year, which are usually served fried. [3] Cantonese pigeon is usually cooked in soy sauce, rice wine and star anise, and then roasted with crispy skin and tender meat. [45] Squabs are sold live in Chinese markets to ensure freshness,[46] but they can also be dressed in two styles. “Chinese style” (Buddhist slaughter) Birds keep their heads and feet, while birds “dressed in New York” (Confucian slaughter) keep their intestines, head and feet. [21] The largest volume of U.S. squab is currently sold in Chinatowns. [3]: 213 Did you know that nearly two million baby pigeons are killed each year in the United States? And that in California alone, more than 800,000 of them are slaughtered without legal protection? In France, squab is often pan-fried, with creamy and crispy skin. In Chinese cuisine, squab is usually fried, so it is served whole and tanned like Peking duck.

In Morocco, squab is often served in a pastilla, an elaborate and pastry-centered version of the pot pie. While the first two preparations require a supple young bird, pastilla can also be used by adult pigeons, as the slow cooking process is enough to soften the more mature meat. “People are a little scared of it,” Kostow recently told me over the phone. “There is a lack of familiarity with Squab.” Fair – I`m careful about cooking the squab. There`s also the price: a one-pound individual serving can cost up to $28, while you could get a pound of quail for about $16. Then there is the fact that after seeing a street pigeon nibbling a cigarette butt in a gutter, they cannot die to cook and eat an expensive farm animal, even if it is not the same animal. “It`s a bit of a chicken-and-egg story,” Koshov said. “If it`s not something you commonly find in stores, people won`t use it. And stores won`t have it in stock unless they feel like people will use it.

In culinary terminology, the squab is an immature domestic pigeon, usually less than four weeks old,[1] or its meat. The meat is widely described as having the taste of black chicken. The term is probably of Scandinavian origin; The Swedish word skvabb means “fatty and loose meat”. [2] It applied to all pigeons and species of pigeons, such as wood pigeon, sad pigeon, extinct Socorro pigeon and extinct carrier pigeon.[3][4] and their meat. More recently, squab meat comes almost exclusively from domestic pigeons. The meat of wild pigeons and pigeon birds, which are hunted mainly for sport, is rarely called squab. [3] Fast forward to today, if you live in America, you`d know that the tender and tasty squab is making a steady return to American tables. The modern Squab industry uses working pigeons. Young birds are bred until they are about one month old, when they reach adult size but have not yet flown before being slaughtered.